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Philistines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Philistines (disambiguation) ... Nabataeans · Palmyra · Philistines. Israel and Judah. Assyrian Empire · Babylonian Empire ...
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philistines
Inhabitants of the maritime plain of Palestine from the time of Judges onward ... In the Biblical account the Philistines come into prominence as the inhabitants ...
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Who Were the Philistines?
For several centuries, the Philistines were a constant menace on Israel's southwestern flank. ... Unexpectedly, the Philistines first appear in the Table of ...
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Philistines
The Conventional history of the Philistines and the Biblical account are compared and contrasted. ... settled the conquered Philistines, mostly as Egyptian ...
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Philistines in the Bible
The Bible especially illustrates the Philistines' great cruelty in the book of ... After this, the Philistines bound Sampson "with bronze shackles," and he was set ...
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Philistine: Definition, Synonyms from Answers.com
Philistine ( ) n. A member of an Aegean people who settled ancient Philistia ... The Philistines were a tribe, one of the Sea Peoples, that appeared at the end ...
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Philistinism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Philistines (disambiguation) ... Philistines are also said to be materialistic, to favor conventional social ...
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JewishEncyclopedia.com - PHILISTINES:
A people that occupied territory on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, south-west of Jerusalem, previously to and contemporaneously with ...
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, c.830s BC.The historic Philistines (Hebrew language פְּלְשְׁתִּים, plishtim) (see "other uses" below) were a nation who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan before the time of the arrival of the Israelites, their territory being named Philistia in later contexts. Their origin has been debated among scholars, but modern archaeology has suggested early cultural links with the Mycenaean Greece world in mainland Greece. Though the Philistines adopted local Canaanite culture and language before leaving any written texts, an Indo-European languages origin has been suggested for a handful of known Philistine words (See Philistine language).

Etymology The etymology of the word into English is from Old French Philistin, from Late Latin Philistinus, from Late Greek Philistinoi,from Hebrew P'lishtim, (See, e.g., 1 Samuel 17:26, 17:36; 2 Samuel 1:20; Judges 14:3)."people of P'lesheth" ("Philistia"); cf. Akkadian Palastu, Egyptian Palusata; the word probably is the people's name for itself. Etymology Online cf. the semitic root Pelesh () which means to divide, go through, to roll in, cover or invade.Jastrow, Marcus. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. New York: Judaica Press, 1989., p.1185

History If the Philistines are to be identified as one of the "Sea Peoples" (see Origins below), then their occupation of Canaan would have to have taken place during the reign of Ramesses III of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, ca. 1180s BC to 1150s BC. Their maritime knowledge presumably would have made them important to the Phoenicians.

In Egypt, a people called the "Peleset" (or, more precisely, prst), generally identified with the Philistines, appear in the Medinet Habu inscription of Ramesses III, where he describes his victory against the Sea Peoples, as well as the Onomasticon of Amenope (late Twentieth Dynasty) and Papyrus Harris I, a summary of Ramesses III's reign written in the reign of Ramesses IV. Nineteenth-century Bible scholars identified the land of the Philistines (Philistia) with Palastu and Pilista in Assyrian inscriptions, according to Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897).

The Philistines occupied the five cities of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, and Gath (city), along the coastal strip of southwestern Canaan, that belonged to Egypt up to the closing days of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt (ended 1180s BC). The Bible stories of Samson, Samuel (Bible), Saul the King and David include accounts of Philistine-Israelite conflicts. The Philistines long held a monopoly on iron smithing (a skill they possibly acquired during conquests in Anatolia), and the biblical description of Goliath's armor is consistent with this iron-smithing technology.

This powerful association of tribes made frequent incursions against the Hebrews. There was almost perpetual war between the two peoples. the Philistine cities were ruled by seranim (סְרָנִים, "lords"), who acted together for the common good, though to what extent they had a sense of a "nation" is not clear without literary sources. After their defeat by the Hebrew king David, who originally for a time worked as a mercenary for Achish of Gath (city), kings replaced the seranim, governing from various cities. Some of these kings were called Abimelech, which was initially a name and later a dynastic title.

The Philistines lost their independence to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria by 730s BC, and revolts in following years were all crushed. Later, Nebuchadrezzar II eventually conquered all of Syria and the Kingdom of Judah, and the former Philistine cities became part of the Babylonia. There are few references to the Philistines after this time period. However, Ezekiel 25:16, Zechariah 9:6, and I Macabees 3 make mention of the Philistines, indicating that they still existed as a people in some capacity after the Babylonian invasion. Eventually all traces of the Philistines as a people or ethnic group disappear. Subsequently the cities were under the control of Persian people, Jews (Hasmonean), Greeks (Seleucid Empire), Roman Empire, and subsequent empires.

The name "Palestine" comes, via Greek language and Latin, from the Philistines; see History of Palestine.

Origin of the Philistines Most authorities agree that the Philistines are not wiktionary:autochthonous to the regions of Israel/Palestine which the Bible describes them inhabiting. The Bible contains roughly 250 references to the Philistines or Philistia, and repeatedly refers to them as "circumcision", unlike the Semitic peoples, such as Canaanites, which the Bible relates encountered the Israelites following the Exodus. (See, e.g., 1 Samuel 17:26, 17:36; 2 Samuel 1:20; Book of Judges 14:3).

It has been suggested that the Philistines formed part of the great naval confederacy, the "Sea Peoples," who had wandered, at the beginning of the 12th century BC, from their homeland in Crete and the Aegean islands to the shores of the Mediterranean and repeatedly attacked Egypt during the later Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Though they were eventually repulsed by Ramesses III, he eventually resettled them, according to the theory, to rebuild the coastal towns in Canaan.

Papyrus Harris I details the achievements of the reign of Ramesses III. In the brief description of the outcome of the battles in Year 8 is the description of the fate of the Sea Peoples. Ramesses tells us that, having brought the imprisoned Sea Peoples to Egypt, he "settled them in strongholds, bound in my name. Numerous were their classes like hundred-thousands. I taxed them all, in clothing and grain from the storehouses and granaries each year." Some scholars suggest it is likely that these "strongholds" were fortified towns in southern Canaan, which would eventually become the five cities (the Pentapolis) of the Philistines (Redford 1992, p. 289). Israel Finkelstein has suggested that there may be a period of 25-50 years after the sacking of the Philistine cities and their reoccupation by the Philistines. It is quite possible that for the initial period of time, the Philistines were housed in Egypt, only subsequently late in the troubled end of the reign of Rameses III would they have been allowed to settle Philistia.

Archaeology The connection between Mycenaean period culture and Philistine culture was made clearer by finds at the excavation of Ashdod, Ekron, Ashkelon, and more recently Tell es-Safi (probably Gath (city)), four of the five Philistine cities in Canaan. The fifth city is Gaza. Especially notable is the early Philistine pottery, a locally-made version of the Aegean civilization Mycenaean Late Helladic IIIC pottery, which is decorated in shades of brown and black. This later developed into the distinctive Philistine pottery of the Iron Age I, with black and red decorations on white slip. Also of particular interest is a large, well-constructed building covering 240 square meters, discovered at Ekron. Its walls are broad, designed to support a second story, and its wide, elaborate entrance leads to a large hall, partly covered with a roof supported on a row of columns. In the floor of the hall is a circular hearth paved with pebbles, as is typical in Mycenean buildings; other unusual architectural features are paved benches and podiums. Among the finds are three small bronze wheels with eight spokes. Such wheels are known to have been used for portable cultic stands in the Aegean region during this period, and it is therefore assumed that this building served Cult (religion). Further evidence concerns an inscription in Ekron to PYGN or PYTN, which some have suggested refers to "Potnia theron," the title given to an ancient Mycenaean Greece goddess. Excavations in Ashkelon, Ekron, and Gath reveal dog and pig bones which show signs of having been butchered, implying that these animals were part of the residents' diet.

Pelasgians One name the Greeks used for the previous inhabitants of Greece and the Aegean was Pelasgians, but no definite connection has been established between this name and that of the Philistines. The theory that the Sea Peoples included Greek-speaking tribes has been developed even further to postulate that the Philistines originated in either western Anatolia or the Greek peninsula.

===Philistine language===There is some limited evidence in favor of the assumption that the Philistines did originally speak some Indo-European language. A number of Philistine-related words found in the Bible are not Semitic, and can in some cases, with reservations, be traced back to Proto-Indo-European language roots. For example, the Philistine word for captain, seren, may be related to the Greek word tyrannos (which, however, has not been traced to a PIE root). Some of the Philistine names, such as Goliath, Achish, and Phicol, appear to be of non-Semitic origin, and Indo-European etymologies have been suggested. Recently, an inscription dating to the late 10th/early 9th centuries BC with two names, very similar to one of the suggested etymologies of the popular Philistine name Goliath (Lydian language Alyattes/Wylattes) was found in the excavations at Tell es-Safi/Gath. The appearance of additional non-Semitic names in Philistine inscriptions from later stages of the Iron Age is an additional indication of the non-Semitic origins of this group.

Statements in the Bible The Hebrew tradition recorded in Book of Genesis 10:14 states that the "Pelishtim" (פְּלִשְׁתִּים, Standard Hebrew /pəlištim/, Tiberian Hebrew /pəlištîm/) proceeded from the "Pathrusim" (פַּתְרֻסִים) and the "Casluhim" (כַּסְלֻחִים), who descended from Mizraim (מִצְרַיִם, Egypt), son of Ham, son of Noah. The Philistines settled "Pelesheth" (פְּלֶשֶׁת, Standard Hebrew /pəléšet/ or /pəlášet/, Tiberian Hebrew // or //) along the eastern Mediterranean coast at about the time when the Israelites settled in the Judea. Biblical references to Philistines living in the area before this, at the time of Abraham or Isaac (e.g. Gen. 21:32-34), are generally regarded by modern scholars to be anachronisms.

The Philistines are spoken of in the Book of Amos as originating in Caphtor: "saith the LORD: Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and Aram from Kir?" (Amos 9:7). Later, in the 7th century BC, Book of Jeremiah makes the same association with Caphtor. "For the LORD will spoil the Philistines, the remnant of the country of Caphtor, (Jeremiah 47:4). Scholars variously identify the land of Caphtor with Cyprus and Crete and other locations in the eastern Mediterranean.

Other uses of the term 'Philistine'

• British writers of the 19th century and very early 20th century sometimes referred to the Palestinian as "Philistines". This was apparently not due to a belief in a strong connection with the ancient Philistines, but merely reflects the former convention that "Philistine" simply denotes "native of Palestine". The Arabic word for Palestine, فلسطين‎, which is pronounced "Falasṭīn," derives from the Latin term Palaestina. After the Bar-Kokhba revolt of the Judeans and the subsequent Roman repression and exile, the Romans renamed the entire district of Judea "Palaestina" as a mark of insult to their defeated enemies. This is because of their knowledge of the region's history and the fact that the Philistines and the Israelites were warring peoples. The Arabic language's lack of the "p" phoneme, and the tendency to arabacize the "t" and "k" of foreign words as the corresponding Semitic emphatic consonants, resulted in this nomenclature after the Muslim conquest brought Arabs to the region in 636 AD, often used interchangeably for the entire greater Syrian district (Arabic: "Shaam").

• In non-historical usage, the word Philistinism refers to a person deficient in the culture of the liberal arts or can also connote a smug and intolerant opponent of the Bohemianism who exhibits a restrictive moral code. See Philistinism.

• The term "Philistines" also refers to an elite unit of the South African National Defence Force (SADF). The Pathfinder Company was the official name of this elite unit. Counter-insurgency was the primary mission assigned to these troops.

References

Bibliography

• Trude Krakauer Dothan. 1982. The Philistines and Their Material Culture. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society
• Dothan, Trude Krakauer, and Moshe Dothan. 1992. People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company
• Carl Ehrlich S. 1996. The Philistines in Transition: A History from ca. 1000–730 B.C.E. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East 10, ser. eds. Baruch Halpern, and Manfred Hermann Emil Weippert. Leiden: E. J. Brill
• Seymour Gitin, Amihai Mazar, and Ephraim Stern, eds. 1998. Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society
• Aren M. Maeir 2005. Philister-Keramik. Pp. 528–36 in "Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie", Band 14. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
• Eliezer Oren D., ed. 2000. The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment. University Museum Monograph 108. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
• Donald Bruce Redford. 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press
• Claude Vandersleyen, "Keftiu: a cautionary note," Oxford Journal of Archaeology 22/21, 2003, 209-212.
• George E. Mendenhall The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. ISBN.

External links

• List of biblical references to Philistines or Philistia
• Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project website
• Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project blog
• the Sea Peoples and the Philistines. A course at Penn State University
• Neal Bierling, Giving Goliath his due:new archaeological light on the Philistines 1992
• The King's Calendar: The Secret of Qumran (Chronology for Israel's Period of the Judges 1412 BC to 1039 BC)
• The Philistines: Raiders of the Ark or Cultural Goliaths?

Philistines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Philistines (Hebrew פלשתים, plishtim) (see "other uses" below) were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, their territory being named Philistia in later ...

Philistinism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philistines are also said to be materialistic, to favor conventional social values unthinkingly, and to favor forms of art that have a cheap and easy appeal (e.g. kitsch).

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Philistines - definition of Philistines by the Free Online Dictionary ...
1. A member of an Aegean people who settled ancient Philistia around the 12th century b.c.

Philistines definition of Philistines in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Philistines (fĭl`ĭstēnz, fĭlĭs`–), inhabitants of Philistia, a non-Semitic people who came to Palestine from the Aegean (probably Crete), in the 12th cent.

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Cyber encyclopedia of Jewish history and culture that covers everythingfrom anti-Semitism to Zionism. It includes a glossary, bibliography of web sites and books, biographies ...